KỸ THUẬT INVERTER – Kỳ IV : Hòan dạng Sine Wave

GIẢI ĐIÊU BIẾN LỚP D 

HOÀN DẠNG SINE WAVE TỪ CHUỐI XUNG PWM

Qua 3 kỳ và 4 phụ lục của chùm bài Kỹ Thuật Inverter, chúng ta đã trải qua các vấn đề lý thuyết có tính cốt lõi của dự án sản xuất Inverter Lưu Điện Hòa Pha. Trong đó, kết quả quyết định mà Inverter Lưu Điện Hòa Pha phải tạo ra là dòng điện 220VAC / 50Hz có dạng Sin chính tác (Pure Sine Wave) của Fo để hòa pha với lưới điện và đấu nối ra tải.

Quay lại với 3 bộ phận trong cấu tạo tổng thể của Inverter Lưu Điện Hòa Pha, thì các bộ phận 1 (Nâng áp)bộ phận 2 (Tín hiệu điều khiển) không có vấn đề lý thuyết và thực tiễn quá phức tạp. Nhưng dòng điện được Inverter Lưu Điện Hòa Pha tạo ra sau cầu H có công suất lớn nhưng vẫn chưa thực sự có dạng Sine thuần túy (Pune Sine Wave) của Fo mặc dù đã có khả năng hòa pha. Vì dòng điện “phỏng Sin” (Sine Modified) sẽ được quán tính rất lớn của hệ thống truyền tải điện lưới bù trừ các thăng giáng biên độ và tiếp nhận năng lượng từ dòng điện Sine Modified mang chuỗi xung. Hiện nay tất cả các Inverter Hòa Pha (không lưu điện) đều dùng dạng thiết kế này.

Tuy nhiên, dòng điện Sine Modified không nên dùng trực tiếp được vì có thể gây hư hại tải cảm, mà phải thông qua điện lưới. Vì vậy mà yêu cầu đấu nối hòa pha của các dự án điện mặt trời áp mái, thậm chí các dự án điện mặt trời cỡ lớn cũng vậy, là có tính bắt buộc. Thậm chí người ta vẽ ra một khái niệm rất khôi hài (!) Lưu Trữ Điện Mặt Trời Trên Lưới Điện, trong khi ai cũng biết rằng năng lượng điện (trên lưới) là không lưu trữ được.

HOÀN DẠNG PURE SINE WAVE : Giải Điều Biến Độ Rộng Xung

Inverter Lưu Điện Hòa Pha bắt buộc tạo ra dòng điện 220VAC / 50Hz có dạng hình Sin thuần túy (Pure Sine Wave) nên việc Giải Điều Biến Độ Rộng Xung (PWM Demodulation) là rất quan trọng, thậm chí mang tính quyết định.

Có 3 cách Giải Điều Biến PWM chính :

1/. Dùng biến đổi PWM – PAM. (xem chú thích về PAM ở cuối bài)

Vấn đề lý thuyết cơ bản đằng sau giải điều chế độ rộng xung theo phương pháp biến đổi PWM – PAM là chuyển đổi tín hiệu PWM (điều biến độ rộng xung) thành tín hiệu PAM (Điều biến biên độ xung). PAM có thể dễ dàng được kiểm định bằng bộ lọc thông thấp phù hợp.
Cấu tạo thiết bị kỹ thuật Giải Điều Biến PWM – PAM:
Ramp Generator + Synchronous Pulse + Adder + Clipper = Bộ chuyển đổi PWM sang PAM.
–  Sóng PWM đầu vào được áp dụng cho bộ tạo Ramp và bộ tạo xung đồng bộ
–  Máy phát xung đồng bộ sẽ tạo ra một dạng sóng xung sao cho xung sẽ kết thúc khi bắt đầu mỗi xung PWM.
–  Bộ tạo đường dốc sẽ tạo ra tín hiệu đường dốc có biên độ tỷ lệ với chiều rộng của tín hiệu PWM.
–  Áp dụng các xung Ramp và xung đồng bộ này cho mạch Adder để thêm các tín hiệu này lại với nhau.
–  Khối tiếp theo là một Clipper dương với một điện áp cụ thể; Clipper cắt dạng sóng ở một mức cụ thể.
–  Đầu ra của clipper sẽ là tín hiệu PAM, tín hiệu PWM được chuyển đổi thành tín hiệu PAM.
–  PAM được giải điều chế bằng mạch lọc thông thấp (Low Pass Filter).
(tham khảo theo https://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.ncu.edu.tw%2F~jztsai%2FPPG%2Fprogress%2F20131220%20Weekly%20Progress%20Report%2FDemodulation%20PWM%20Signal.pptx&anno=2&prev=search) Demodulation PWM Signal

Cách này rất rườm rà phức tạp nên chỉ được dùng cho Giải Điều biến tín hiệu thông tin, tín hiệu Media dạng PWM mà không dùng cho nguồn cấp năng (có công suất lớn).

2/. Dùng mạch lọc thông thấp Butterword, Chebyshev hay Bessel.

Mạch lọc thông thấp có trở kháng lối vào khá lớn (khoảng 10k) và trở kháng lối ra khá nhỏ, vì thế hoạt động của nó không phụ thuộc nhiều vào lối vào và lối ra. Dùng bộ lọc thông thấp để hoàn dạng Sin động cần chú ý :

–  Với đáp ứng tần số , phải chú ý đến giá trị suy hao đáng kể tại các tần số nào đó. Các tần số này phải được đo và tính toán theo tần số chuẩn hoá 50Hz. Với mỗi một bộ lọc , các tần số được chuẩn hoá được sử dụng để vẽ trên đồ thị sao cho chúng có thể biểu diễn dáng điệu chung nhất của bộ lọc để từ đó xem xét được đáp ứng
mỗi khi có một sự thay đổi tần số.
– Từ đáp ứng tần số , các trễ pha tại các tần số được lựa chọn phải được đo và các đặc tính độ khuyếch đại, độ chậm phase , trễ phase và trễ nhóm đươc tính toán từ các giá trị đo được.
– Với đáp ứng truyền dẫn , đáp ứng lối ra của mỗi bộ lọc khi một bước lối vào được sử dụng.

• Bộ lọc thông thấp Butterworth có hàm truyền (TF) được chuẩn hoá tới ωc = 1 rad/s
• Bộ lọc thông thấp Chebyshev có 1 dB ripple ,
ωc = cosh [ (1/n) cosh-1(1/e) ]
Do bộ lọc bậc-5 có n=5 và e=0.50885 vì thế ωc ≈ 1.0338 và sao cho
ωr không dưới -3dB thì ωr = (20000/1.0338 ) = 19346 rad/s và do vậy TF được đặt lại bằng s/ωr = 20000/19346.
• Bộ lọc thông thấp Bessel được chuẩn hoá tới thời gian trễ T0 = 1 sec để đảm bảo cho ωc = 20000rad/s thì độ trễ phải giảm xuống
to = 1.21 x 10-4 sec
TF được chuẩn hoá bằng cách đặt lại s = sto , trong đó t0 là độ trễ thiết kế
Độ trễ phase “ tần số zero “ được xác định bằng cách đặt s hay ω bằng zero và vì vậy chỉ còn hệ số bậc-1 trong H(s) , xác định độ trễ phase kết quả của biểu thức (bằng cách đặt s = jω ) với Tp = -f(ω)/ω

Bộ lọc thông thấp có cấu tạo tương đối đơn giản, nhưng vì quá nhiều yêu cầu và thao tác điều chỉnh sau một thòi gian sử dụng, nên việc sử dụng nó lại trở thành phức tạp.

3/. Dùng mạch PWM Demodulation.

Mạch PWM Demodulation có cấu tạo tương đối đơn giản, nhưng tính toán thiết kế nó cũng khá “nặng ký”.

Mạch L – C ở đầu ra của ampli lớp D là mạch D class PWD (PW – demodulation / giải điều biến PWM lớp D). Nó chính là mạch lọc dải thông thấp của một tần số F tuân theo phối trí ma trận với :

* Fc : tần số chính của hệ PWM (với min, max và medium duty).
* Fm : tần số thấp nhất đưa vào điều biến (với m, Mx và md duty).
* FM : tần số cao nhất của dải điều biến (với m, Mx và md duty).
* Fs : tần số ưu thế của dải điều biến. Ví dụ ampli Sub-Wooffer thì Fs ~ 250 Hz; ampli Width Music thì Fs ~ 3600 Hz, ampli Sub – Tweeter thì Fs ~ 15,5 KHz v.v…
*F là dải thông tần ngõ ra của mạch demodulation.

Ma trận này gọi là ma trận Gaussian có :

F = .Fc Fs1 Fm1 FM3
. . . .Fs Fc1 FM2 Fm3
. . . .Fm FM1 Fc2 Fs3
. . . .FM Fm2 Fs2 Fc3

Dù mang những đặc tính cơ bản của một LPF nhưng dĩ nhiên là cơ chế của D Class Demodulation phức tạp bội phần. Một số cố gắng khai triển trên nền toán định thức cũng tạo được thuật toán đơn giản hơn.

Khi có F rồi thì dễ dàng tính toán được L và C theo công thức :
F = 1/(2*PI()*SQRT(L*C)) .
Tham khảo : https://wambuakim.com/2020/10/18/phu-luc-ve-khuech-dai-lop-d/ – Phần tham luận.
Phương pháp Giải Điều Biến PWM dùng mạch PWM Demodulation là rẻ tiền, tin cậy đúng với tinh thần “làm ra rồi thì dùng mãi mãi” mà không cần tái điều chỉnh, nên được Wambuakim khuyên dùng từ 25 năm nay.
——————
Thân ái.
Wambuakim
——————————-
Chú thích : Điều chế biên độ xung (PAM) 

Điều chế biên độ xung (PAM) là một trong một số dạng điều chế đơn trong đó dữ liệu được truyền qua việc thay đổi biên độ của các xung trong chuỗi xung điện theo thời gian đều đặn. Trong trường hợp tín hiệu điều chế biên độ xung tương tự, số lượng biên độ xung có thể là vô hạn.

Điều chế biên độ xung chủ yếu được sử dụng trong truyền dữ liệu số với các ứng dụng không phải băng cơ sở.

Điều chế biên độ xung được sử dụng trong chuẩn truyền thông Ethernet phổ biến.

Trong điều chế biên độ xung, tín hiệu được lấy mẫu theo các khoảng đều đặn và được tạo thành tỷ lệ với độ lớn của tín hiệu. Một số hệ thống điều chế biên độ xung có biên độ tỷ lệ thuận với tín hiệu điều chế tức thời. Đối với một số hệ thống khác, biên độ tỷ lệ nghịch với tín hiệu điều chế tức thời. Các xung được lấy mẫu sau đó được gửi trực tiếp đến đầu thu bởi kênh hoặc được điều chế bằng sóng mang trước khi truyền.

Có hai loại điều chế biên độ xung chính:

Cực đơn: Một mức dòng điện trực tiếp cố định được thêm vào tín hiệu để đảm bảo các xung đều dương ở mọi thời điểm.

Phân cực kép: Loại điều chế biên độ xung này có cả xung âm và dương cùng một lúc.

Tham khảo : https://vi.fmuser.net/content/?2118.html#:~:text=%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u%20ch%E1%BA%BF%20bi%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99%20xung%20(PAM)%20l%C3%A0%20m%E1%BB%99t%20trong%20m%E1%BB%99t,c%C3%B3%20th%E1%BB%83%20l%C3%A0%20v%C3%B4%20h%E1%BA%A1n.

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