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KỸ THUẬT INVERTER – Kỳ I : CHUYÊN ĐỀ INVERTER

I/. CÂU CHUYỆN CHUYÊN ĐỀ INVERTER 

Inverter là vấn đề kỹ thuật rất sâu, vẫn được phát triển đa hướng, đa cấp độ từ những năm 60 của thế kỷ trước đến nay. Nhu cầu và năng lực chủ đạo là Inverter có thể tạo ra một dòng điện xoay chiều từ một nguồn một chiều có trước.

a/.  Cần có hệ cấp điện xoay chiều dự phòng cho thiết bị hoạt động đơn lập dùng điện xoay chiều.

b/. Cần nguồn điện một chiều đã được trữ năng (vì dụ trữ thế năng, trữ động năng, trữ nhiệt năng hay trữ bằng hóa năng v.v…) ra điện xoay chiều và cung cấp điện xoay chiều đó cho nhu cầu cao điểm hay sữ dụng trực tiếp ….

c/. Cần chuyển nguồn điện một chiều đang được sản xuất ra điện xoay chiều và cung cấp điện xoay chiều đó lên lưới (để sử dụng hoặc để bán điện).

Câu chuyện cũ : Năm 1972, một hạ sĩ quan Truyền tin quân đội VNCH / chế độ cũ tên là Phan Xây (quê Ninh Thuận bây giờ) mày mò với mớ linh kiện lấy từ máy truyền tin bán dẫn cũa Mỹ, thế nào tạo được một cái inverter bán dẫn. Nguồn đầu vào sử dụng cho  cái inverter này là Pin (của máy truyền tin PRC10) hoặc của ắc qui khởi động ô tô, và phát ra điện xoay chiều 110VAC. Anh tự hào đặt tên cho Inverter này là PX72 (Phan Xây năm 1972).

Phải nói là anh đã tạo ra một thứ phi thường lúc bấy giờ. Sự việc nhanh chóng đến tai người Mỹ (tham chiến ở VN) và anh bị rủ rê, mua chuộc thế nào đưa sang Mỹ, và từ đó biệt tung biệt tích đến bây giờ …

II/. CÁC CHỦNG LOẠI INVERTER

1/. Về kỹ thuật, Inverter có hai loại chính :

a/. Inverter cơ học :

– Inverter bộ rung : Dùng một bộ rung (Vibrator) với tiếp điểm hơp lý để đảo chiều cấp điện vào một biến áp 10/110. Khi cấp nguồn DC 12V vào hệ thì phần thứ cấp của biến áp sẽ phát ra điện xoay chiều 110VAC. Dòng điện AC tạo ra từ loại Inverter này là KHÔNG SIN, thường gây cháy hỏng các thiết bị tự cảm, và hiệu suất thâp.

– Inverter Motor – Dynamo : Dùng một Motor DC với tốc độ thích hợp kéo một Alternator (máy phát điện xoay chiều, ở VN hay gọi nhầm là Dynamo) để có nguồn điện xoay chiều 110VAC ngõ ra.

Nguồn điện AC mà Inverter Motor – Dynamo tạo ra rõ ràng là đáp ứng Sin động cho các thiết bị tự cảm rất tốt, nhưng hiệu suất của nó cũng thấp tệ hại.

hình Motor – Alternator

b/. Inverter điện tử :

–  Kể từ sau tiếng sét mang tên Phan Xây năm 1972, sau 1975, các kho thiết bị kỹ thuật quân sự cũ của Mỹ và quân đội chế độ cũ đã “tuồn” ra một lượng linh kiện điện tử rất lớn. Người ta bày bán đầy lề đường và dần dần tập trung về khu Nhật Tảo để hình thành chợ điện tử Nhật Tảo ngày nay. Linh kiện đặc biệt quan trọng dùng được cho Inverter ngày ấy là Transistor công suất mã hiệu 2N3055 của các máy truyền tin quân đội Mỹ, ampli TOA của Chến Tranh Chính Trị chế độ cũ (và một số ampli dân dụng).

–  Những “tay chơi” có trình độ ngày ấy săn lùng linh kiện, quấn biến áp điện từ, dùng linh kiện điện tử cũ ấy chế tạo Inverter “theo kiểu Phan Xây”, và thực tế là cũng phát huy được tác dụng trong một số nhu cầu.

– Về sau, một số “biến thể Phan Xây” dễ làm, dễ học hỏi và chế tạo, nhiều người có nhu cầu có tên MÁY KÍCH ĐIỆN (dùng để chích cá, để bắt heo bắt chó là chủ yếu, không quá nghiêm khác ngõ ra về điện áp và dạng hình Sin).

Máy chích cá góp phần tiêu diệt môi trường nên về sau hình như có lệnh cấm dùng nó nên lực lượng chế tạo máy chích cá bớt dần. Nhưng thực chất là do môi trường bị phá nát, tôm cá ít dần nên ít người dùng máy chích cá, thi thoảng có người dùng là để … chích chó.

– Sau thời bao cấp, VN mở cửa (1986), càng ngày thì linh kiện điện tử công suất lớn càng phong phú. Linh kiện công suất lớn ngày càng nhiều, nên các FET, MOSFET, IGBT v.v… thậm chí SCR, GateSCR … thế chỗ cho các transistor BJT, tạo ra các mẫu Inverter ngày càng tốt hơn, rẻ hơn và tăng tính hữu dụng.

2/. Về ứng dụng, có 4 loại Inverter :

Ở đây chúng ta chỉ đề cập đến Inverter có điện xoay chiều ngõ ra hình Sin (và gần sin) mà thôi.

a/. Inverter lưu điện :

Với accu được nạp điện sẵn làm nguồn cấp cho Inverter, tạo ra điện 220VAC tương tự điện lưới để dùng khi bị cúp điện. Đây là Inverter sử dụng đơn lập điển hình. Dòng điện 220VAC của Inverter lưu điện có thể Sin hoặc không sin tùy theo nhu cầu của phụ tải mà nó phục vụ.

Thương thấy loại Inverter lưu điện là các UPS dùng cho máy tính, loại lớn là các bộ nguồn của BTS (trạm thu phát viễn thông) v.v…

b/. Inverter biến điện hình sin :

Có nguồn điện một chiều (lưu hoặc không lưu điện), Inverter biến điện có chức năng chuyển nguồn điện một chiều đó ra điện xoay chiều 220VAC có tần số 50 Hz tương tự điện lưới. Dạng dòng điện AC này là Sin hoặc gần Sin để không gây hư hỏng quá cho phụ tải mà nó phục vụ. Không thể đấu nối dòng điện của Inverter biến điện hình Sin vào điện lưới được, nó sẽ gây chập chạm, cháy nổ vì không cùng tần số và pha với điện lưới.

c/. Inverter biến điện hình Sin hòa pha :

Đây là Inverter tiêu chuẩn, dòng điện ngõ ra là hình Sin, cùng pha với điện lưới nên hòa pha được với lưới điện.

Những dự án bán điện lên lưới và dùng chung với điện lưới như Dụ án Điện Mặt Trời Áp Mái đều dùng loại Inverter hình Sin hòa pha này.

d/. Inverter lưu điện hình Sin hòa pha :

Đây là loại Inverter đậc biệt dùng cho hệ thống Solar Energy 24/7. Dòng điện 220VAC ngõ ra của Inverter lưu điện hình sin hòa pha thực hiện chính xác yêu cầu về điện áp, về tần số và về pha với nguồn điện song hành với nó (là điện lưới).

———-Còn tiếp———–

Thân ái.

Wambuakim

 

 

 

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