BIẾN ÁP HẠ ÁP XOAY CHIỀU ĐIỆN TỬ

Biến (hạ) áp điện tử  và ổn áp xoay chiều điện tử.

Xưa nay nói đến biến áp thì người ta nghĩ ngay đến “một cục” điện từ nặng nề, nặng khoảng 5 Kg / 1 KVA, kêu “rù rù” và tất nhiên là tổn hao điện năng lớn vì biến áp điện từ chỉ có hiệu suất 56% đến 65%.

Thiết bị gia dụng và công nghiệp gốc Âu Mỹ (và cả nội địa Nhật) thường tốt hơn hẳn sản phẩm tương tự của phần còn lại của thế giới nhưng dùng điện áp 100 VAC hay 120 VAC. Ví dụ nồi cơm điện (phần phát nhiệt vi ba), dàn âm thanh, khoan từ công nghiệp v.v… không thể sử dụng trong lưới điện VN, mà dùng kèm theo cái biến áp vài KVA, nặng hơn chục ký thì rõ ràng là nặng nề, kích rích và … hao điện.

Vì lý do đó mà Wambuakim nghĩ ra hạ áp xoay chiều điện tử, tầm nhìn kỹ thuật đến Ổn áp xoay chiều điện tử.

Biến áp hạ áp điện tử xoay chiều chỉ nặng vài trăm gam / KVA gói gọn được vào tay cắm / phích cắm điện là giải pháp cần thiết và vô cùng hợp lý trong trường hợp này. Lợi ích có lẽ không còn gì phải bàn cãi.

Thể theo yêu cầu của rất nhiều bạn quan tâm, Wambuakim cung cấp mạch điện dưới đây, chúng ta cùng thực hiện.

Sơ đồ lý thuyết mạch :

Dùng kỹ thuật SMPS với < 50% duty, chúng ta cho đầu ra công suất Mosfet hay IGBT chạy lớp D với tần số khoảng 10 KHz, ngõ ra LPF dùng LC. Hiệu suất đạt từ 92% đến 98%, với một chút ít thay đổi thì biến áp hạ áp điện tử này có thể điều khiển thang áp ngõ ra vô cấp, từ 10 VAC đến 200 VAC pure Sine Wave với điện áp đầu vào 220 VAC.

Phân tích mạch điện tử :

1/. Phần tạo xung PWM / điều tiết độ rộng xung dùng TL494.

2/. Ngõ ra của TL494 chia thành HS và LS. HS qua cách ly quang tốc độ cao: TLP250, TLP251, PC921, PC922, PC923 hoặc HCPL-315J, HCPL-316J vào thẳng base / HS BJT hoặc gate HS / Mosfet. LS vào thẳng base / LS BJT hoặc qua mạch gate driver vào gate LS / Mosfet.

3/. Hai biên âm và dương của dòng điện xoay chiều chạy riêng biệt và luân phiên với hai cặp HS – LS, được nối chung để hoàn nguyên điện áp hình Sin toàn kỳ.

4/. Ngõ ra tầng công suất qua LPF / LC xuất điện áp xoay chiều 110 VAC ra thiết bị hoặc vào ổ cắm riêng.

5/. Ổn định điện áp AC ngõ ra : Điện áp ngõ ra qua cầu điện trở + nắn, vào Opto P251 hồi tiếp về In-2 của TL494 điều chỉnh độ rộng xung để ổn áp ngõ ra.

Chúc các bạn thành công

5 / 12 / 2012

Wambuakim

Reup Oct 2020

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