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CÔNG NGHỆ PLASMA CHO LÒ ĐỐT

Công nghệ đốt Plasma

Trong công nghiệp, nhu cầu đốt có hiệu quả lớn với nhiệt độ cao thì rất nhiều. Kể cả đốt nồi hơi, lò đốt cracking dầu, lò đốt xử lý rác, đốt lò cao (luyện kim) thậm chí đốt thiêu hủy đều rất cần nhiệt độ cao hàng nghìn độ. Tuy nhiên mỗi lần nhóm lò đều tốn thời gian và năng lượng, dù là … bằng lò điện đốt hỏa táng.

Nói chung là trình độ công nghệ đốt nhiệt độ cao + hiệu quả cao ở Việt Nam ta còn rất sơ khai (theo lời một bạn trẻ HN là còn … chuối lắm).

Công nghệ đốt Plasma không phải là mới lắm (nói khác đi là đã … cũ mèm ở Âu Châu) có thể giải quyết tận gốc nhu cầu này.

Hoạt động của đầu đốt plasma

Đốt bằng Plasma là quy trình sử dụng miệng đầu phun thích hợp để làm thắt lại luồng khí ion hóa, tạo ra dòng khí có nhiệt độ rất cao hàng chục nghìn độ, có thể đốt cháy mọi thứ ngay cả kim loại lẫn phi kim (như silicat của bê tông …).

Khí dẫn điện (plasma) được sử dụng để chuyển năng lượng âm – cung cấp bởi một nguồn điện từ mỏ plasma đến vật liệu. Đầu phóng plasma đóng vai trò như là công cụ lắp các phụ tùng tiêu hao và có vai trò cung cấp chất làm mát (khí hoặc nước) cho các phụ tùng này. Đầu phun và điện cực duy trì dòng tia plasma.

Năng lượng của Plasma rất lớn nên nó cần thổi một luồng khí qua đầu đốt. Luồng khí này có thể là không khí hoặc hơi nước, thậm chí là nước. Nhiệm vụ của luồng khí này là :

a/. Làm nguội đầu đốt Plasma.

b/. Cung cấp dòng khí để tạo lượng plasma lớn, khuyếch tán thành đám cháy nhiệt độ cao.

Plasma :

Điện trường cao làm các nguyên tử khí thổi qua nó bị lột mất lưới âm điện tử, do đó đường kính nguyên tử trở nên nhỏ lại. Vật chất lúc bấy giờ có độ đậm đặc gấp nhiều lần vật chất thông thường và chúng mang tĩnh điện có độ âm điện cao

Khi các nguyên tử khí có độ âm điện cao này gặp vật chất bên ngoài ở buồng đốt thì phóng điện, tạo tia lửa dây chuyền thành đám cháy. Với mật độ nguyên tử cao của Plasma thì sự cháy diễn ra dữ dội gấp nhiều lần xăng đặc.

 

Khi các nguyên tử khí plasma có độ âm điện cao này gặp vật chất trung tính ở buồng đốt bên ngoài thì phóng điện, tạo tia lửa dây chuyền thành đám cháy. Với mật độ nguyên tử cao của Plasma thì sự cháy diễn ra dữ dội gấp nhiều lần xăng đặc

Một tín hiệu khởi động được gửi tới nguồn công suất DC, đồng thời xuất hiện điện áp mạch hở (OCV) và luồng plasma phun ra đầu phóng (plasma)

Sau khi có luồng khí ổn định, mạch tần số cao (HF) được kích hoạt. HF phóng plasma giữa điệncực và đầu phun bên trong đầu phóng làm cho luồng khí thổi qua tiếp tục bị Ion hóa.

Khí dẫn điện tạo nên dòng điện giữa điện cực và đầu phun và kết quả là tạo thành plasma mồi (pilot plasma).

Tuyệt đối không nên nhầm lẫn plasma với hồ quang vì hồ quang chỉ có nhiệt độ tối đa 2750 độ C.

Khi dòng plasma tiếp xúc với vật chất đốt  thì dòng plasma duy trì giữa điện cực và vật chất đốt. Plasma làm nóng và đốt cháy các loại vật liệu trên đường đi của nó. Luống khí thổi nhằm phát tán phản ứng cháy và cũng để làm nguội đầu cấp Plasma của hệ thống đốt.

Một cách tạo ra dòng Plasma phân kỳ để phát tán nhanh (và rộng) phản ứng cháy là dung “bia lỗ

 

Đầu đốt Plasma mà Wambuakim thực hiện tại Công Ty Đức Minh, Hà Nội – 2015

 

Tuy nhiên công nghệ này là công nghệ đốt Plasma đã cũ mà người Đức không dùng chúng từ hơn 20 năm nay, mà phát triển công nghệ đốt Plasma-Vessel có hiệu quả lớn hơn nhiều, nhiệt độ trung tâm có thể lên đến 200.000 độ C hay hơn nữa.

 

Wambuakim

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