XỬ LÝ NÔNG SẢN THỰC PHẨM SAU THU HỌACH : PHƯƠNG PHÁP SẤY LẠNH

PHƯƠNG PHÁP SẤY NÔNG SẢN THỰC PHẨM
Nông sản thực phẩm sản xuất theo mùa vụ thường có nhu cầu lưu trữ dưới dạng sấy khô như trái vải, trái hồng, bầu bí, hành tỏi, lá thuốc, cá tôm, mực v.v… cho nhu cầu chế biến hoặc ăn trực tiếp cho các tháng ngoài mùa vụ. Một số loại nông sản thực phẩm khác tuy có quanh năm nhưng vẫn cần sấy khô để có thể tồn trữ nhiều tháng, thậm chí để ăn trực tiếp như mít sấy, khóm (dứa, thơm) v.v… sấy, hoặc ngay cả tôm, các, mực sấy.
Có khá nhiều phương pháp sấy khô được sử dụng từ lâu như :
I/. PHƠI : khoai lang, bầu bí, hành tỏi, cá tôm v.v… thường sử dụng phương pháp này. Nông sản thực phẩm được chế biến, cắt tỉa … ở mức độ cần thiết, rồi trải lên nong nia, mặt sân phơi hay ngay trên bãi cát, nhờ ánh nắng mặt trời để làm chúng mất nước, trở nên khô ráo. Do đó vi sinh gây hại bị tiêu diệt, khả năng ôi mốc bị kìm chế, sẵn sàng cho một quá trình tồn trữ.
II/. SẤY NHIỆT LỘ THIÊN : Nông sản thực phẩm được xếp lên các “phên” (tre hay kim loại) hoặc treo, móc phía trên một nguồn nhiệt, nhờ nguồn nhiệt này làm khô nông sản thực phẩm. Từ ngàn xưa, người ta đã biết dùng nguồn nhiệt của lò, bếp phục vụ cho kiểu sấy này. Một số vùng miền Âu Châu còn kết hợp với khói để tạo ra thịt, cá, nông sản thực phẩm xông khói nổi tiếng.
III/. SẤY NHIỆT TRONG BUỒNG SẤY : Một buồng tương đối kín có (hoặc không có) bảo ôn, có treo các loại nông sản thực phẩm đã sơ chế dày đặc bên trong. Một nguồn nhiệt (từ củi, rơm trấu, than đá hay gaz …) cung cấp một luồng hơi nóng vào buồng, trao đổi nhiệt với nông sản thực phẩm, lấy độ ẩm của chúng rồi thoát ra một cửa. Tùy theo yêu cầu của nông sản thực phẩm cụ thể mà nhiệt độ và độ ẩm trong buồng được định mức (đa số là theo thói quen) để ngưng sấy và lấy nông sản thực phẩm đã sấy khô để đưa đi tàng trữ.
IV/. CÔNG NGHỆ HIỆN ĐẠI SẤY LẠNH (BẰNG KHÍ SIÊU KHÔ) :
Nguồn động lực dồi dào và đa dạng cho phép xuất hiện phương pháp xử lý nông sản thực phẩm bằng khí siêu khô. Công nghệ này được mô tả gồm các thành phần sau :
1/. THIẾT BỊ TẠO KHÍ SIÊU KHÔ :
a/. Dòng khí tự nhiên đi qua PHẦN LẠNH của một máy sinh hàn có nhiệt độ từ 0 độ C đến 4 độ C. Hơi nước tan trong không khí sẽ ngưng tụ, qua một buồng tách nước, cho ra một lượng khí có ẩm độ rất thấp (từ 5 đến 15 ppM).
b/. Khí khô này sử dụng nhiệt ở PHẦN NÓNG của máy sinh hàn để nâng nhiệt độ, tạo thành luồng hơi siêu khô có nhiệt độ khỏang 50 đến 60 độ C.
2/. SẤY BẰNG KHÍ SIÊU KHÔ :
a/. Luồng khí siêu khô cung cấp vào BUỒNG SẤY KHI SIÊU KHÔ được bảo ôn và có các ngăn, giàn được bố trí hợp lý chứa sẵn nông sản thực phẩm đã được sơ chế ở mức độ cần thiết. Trong buồng, sự trao đổi nhiệt và độ ẩm diễn ra cho phép thu hút nước trong nông sản thực phẩm, tạo thành luồng hơi ẩm thoát ra cửa thoát ẩm của buồng.
b/. Cảm biến độ ẩm được cài đặt sẵn kiểm soát quá trình sấy. Khi độ ẩm đạt từ 20 đến 27 ppM thì nông sản thực phẩm được xem là khô; quá trình sấy hòan tất, buồng sấy mở để lấy nông sản thực phẩm cho khâu tiếp theo của qua trình xử lý nông sản thực phẩm sau thu họach. Vi sinh hòan tòan bị ức chế và tiêu diệt, cho phép thời gian tồn trữ nông sản thực phẩm kéo dài nhiều tháng.
V/. HIỆU QUẢ CỦA CÔNG NGHỆ SẤY BẰNG KHÍ SIÊU KHÔ :
1/. Nông sản thực phẩm sấy bằng khí siêu khô có xu hướng giữ được hình thể, mùi và màu cũng như cảm quan thực phẩm của nông sản thực phẩm đưa vào sấy.
2/. Yêu cầu động lực, nhiên liệu và nhân công của công nghệ sấy bằng khí siêu khô là rất thấp so với các cách sấy cổ điển. Nếu cần nông sản thực phẩm chín sau quá trình sấy thì chỉ cần gia nhiệt luồng khí siêu khô lên 200 đến 300 độ C (như cá, thịt tẩm gia vị, cá thịt chà bông v.v…). Phổ sử dụng rất phong phú của công nghệ hiện đại cho phép tạo ra nhiều chủng loại nông sản thực phẩm có yêu cầu chất lượng rất khác nhau.
3/. Quá trình công nghệ sấy bằng khí siêu khô chỉ lấy đi nước của nông sản thực phẩm, cho phép HÒAN NGUYÊN nông sản thực phẩm chỉ bằng ngâm chúng trong nước nóng 70 đến 80 độ 4/. Thí nghiệm trên hành, khóm (dứa, thơm) và một số sản phẩm khác cho thấy nông sản thực phẩm sấy bằng khí siêu khô sẽ phục hồi hình dạng, màu sắc và mùi vị gần giống như lúc còn tươi.
Công nghệ này thử nghiệm ở Nhà Máy Chế Biến Thực Phẩm Nhà Bè vào năm 2008, đã làm sửng sốt các nhà chuyên môn Nga – Việt.
Mong cung cấp được cho các bạn cái nhìn tổng quan về một công nghệ xử lý nông sản thực phẩm sau thu họach hiện đại cho các định hướng đầu tư.
Wambuakim
Sơ đồ khối công nghệ sấy nông sản thực phẩm bằng khí siêu khô.

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