KIẾN TRÚC THUẦN VIỆT: NHÀ BÁNH Ú Phần I

Phân I: KIẾN TRÚC BẢN SẮC VIỆT NAM

Có rất nhiều khảo luận, hội nghị ở Việt Nam mong muốn tìm ra một kiểu kiến trúc THUẦN VIỆT, cuối cùng đều đưa ra nhận định là người Việt không có nền kiến trúc riêng.
Ngày 21/6/2012, Viện Kiến trúc Quy hoạch đô thị và nông thôn (VIAP) cùng với Tạp chí Kiến trúc Việt Nam, Tạp chí Quy hoạch Xây dựng đã tổ chức cuộc gặp mặt giữa 2 tạp chí cùng với lãnh đạo Bộ Xây dựng, các cục, vụ thuộc Bộ, các cơ quan hữu quan và các cộng tác viên của 2 tạp chí nhân ngày Báo chí Cách mạng Việt Nam.
Tại cuộc gặp mặt thân mật này Bộ trưởng Trịnh Đình Dũng, Vị Tư lệnh của ngành kiến trúc, quy hoạch và xây dựng đã khen ngợi, động viên và nhắc nhở Viện (VIAP) và các nhà báo của 2 tạp chí về những việc đã làm tốt và những việc chưa làm được, cần tiếp tục triển khai trong thời gian tới. Một trong những việc chưa làm được là: có hay không có và đâu là Bản sắc kiến trúc Việt Nam … (theo Lưu Đức Hải, nguyên Viện trưởng Quy hoạch đô thị – nông thôn)

KIẾN TRÚC BẢN SẮC

Xin nêu một chút ví dụ về bản sắc kiến trúc của một cộng đồng, một dân tộc, để thấy cái gì tạo ra bản sắc đó của họ, và nó là thế nào.

1/. Kiến trúc đặc thù của người Trung Quốc là nhà cửa, đền thờ và chùa cổ có hình dáng đặc trung là mái cong, oằn xuống ở các đoạn có độ dài tương đối. Ví dụ đòn dông, kèo nhà … luôn cong như phải gánh chịu sức đè mãnh liệt của thiên mệnh. Đó là biểu trưng của tư tưởng phong kiến còn mãi đến ngày nay trong xã hội Trung Hoa.
2/. Kiến trúc mái bằng của Âu Châu mà người Pháp mang đến Việt Nam là một cách tân từ kiến trúc Gothique, biểu thị tư tưởng công bằng, hướng đến xã hội có nền tảng và bình đẳng trên mọi khía cạnh.
3/. Kiến trúc Hồi Giào có đường nét thanh mảnh, không gian thoáng đãng, trang trí, điêu khắc ít rườm rà, thường có những chỏm cầu hình củ hành to hoặc nhỏ, vòm cuốn cửa nhọn đầu hình lá đề. Đó là đặc trưng của kiến trúc (cộng đồng) Hồi giáo.
4/. Kiến trúc đặc trưng Ai Cập chủ yếu tồn tại các đền đài tôn giáo với các cấu trúc to lớn và sự thần bí của không gian, được xác định bởi các bờ tường dày và dốc với ít lỗ mở.
5/. Kiến trúc của các nước lân cận Việt Nam như Thái Lan, Kampuchia, Lào, Myanmar v.v… dù có nhiều nét tương đồng nhưng vẫn chứa bản sắc riêng, nhìn vào là phân biệt được ngay. Nhà Quốc hội Cămpuchia được hoàn thiện và đưa vào sử dụng trong năm 2008 với chóp nhọn, mái giật cấp, màu sắc phong quang với ngói đỏ – hành cung trắng hài hòa không lẫn vào đâu được. Nhà Lào ở cửa khẩu quốc tế với chóp nhọn vuốt cong, mái úp như biểu hiện một tâm thái bình hòa, bền bỉ mà vẫn dung chứa những chuyển động mãnh liệt. Nhà Thái Lan thì đòn thẳng mái nghiêng, màu sắc nhẹ nhàng gây cảm giác thanh bình, cởi mở.

Tóm lại thì kiến trúc bản sắc là cơ cấu, bố cục phổ biến mang tâm thế của cộng đồng dân cư, dân tộc đó trong một thời gian dài mà hình thái của nó có thể phân biệt và nhận diện dễ dàng so với quần thể kiến trúc khác, biểu hiện tập trung trung nhà ở và các công trình khác.
Và nói như vậy thì Việt Nam có một hình thái kiến trúc nào xứng đáng như vậy không ?

NHÀ BÁNH Ú

Không mang hình mái cong kiểu Tàu, nhưng ngôi nhà, hương đình Việt Nam cắt những nét thẳng tắp vào không gian, mái úp nghiêng đầy đặn và nền nã, tượng hình một chiếc bánh ú, thức ăn dân dã nghìn năm của người Việt cổ. Với cấu trúc theo thước thợ Việt Nam mà nhiều người gọi là thước Lỗ Ban Việt, hàm ý so sánh ngang vai với tổ nghề mộc Trung Hoa (1), nhà bánh ú mang đủ mọi cung bậc của sự sáng tạo, độc lập và riêng có. Người Việt, đặc biệt là người Kinh đã làm chủ nền văn hóa lúa nước trước cả người Trung Hoa, hình thành cuộc sống định cư nhiều nghìn năm, do đó tạo được kiến trúc mang bản sắc riêng, phù hợp với không gian sống nhiệt đới nhiều nắng và gió, không hiếm giông tố bão bùng.

1/. Nhà “bánh ú” thuần Việt có nhiều qui mô khác nhau.

– Nhà dân dã là loại nhà 16 hay 32 (là 16 hoặc 32 chi tiết với chuẩn đòn dông là 16 hay 32 “thước thợ”, khoảng 6,5 mét hay 13 mét chiều dài “đòn dông”.

– Nhà banh ú cỡ lớn thường dùng cho đình chùa hay “nhà hội đồng”, có kích thước “bánh ú” 32, 64 hay 128 cũng theo ý nghĩa kể trên.

2/. Nhà bánh ú có các phiên bản 4 cột, 8 cột hay 16 cột, độc đáo nhất là nhà bánh ú MỘT CỘT đã từng tồn tại ở Thành phố Tân An, tỉnh Long An (nay đã bị phá dỡ để xây nhà hộp kiểu Mỹ). Nhà bánh ú còn được xây dựng hai căn, ba căn hoặc năm căn liền kể thành một quần thể nhà bánh ú.

3/. Cấu trúc chính của nhà bánh ú 16 gồm 4 cột ở chính giữa, 4 dầm chính và 4 đòn nâng đỡ 4 vì kèo và 4 mạch đòn tay (tạo thành 16 chi tiết), phía trên lợp ngói âm dương (nhưng sau này được phối hợp vật liệu Fibro cement hoặc các vật liệu lợp khác, thậm chí là rơm rạ hay tôn màu). Điều này cho thấy mặc dù là hệ thống rất đặc sắc và kín kẽ nhưng nhà bánh ú vẫn dễ dàng biến cải cho phù hợp với rất nhiều loại vật liệu lợp và tường vách.
Chính cấu trúc “thước thợ” này phân biệt rõ nhà bánh ú với các loại hình nhà rường, nhà rông và các loại hình kiến trúc nhà ở khác, dù “nhái kỹ” đến nỗi bên ngoài nhìn khó thể phát hiện điểm khác biệt.

4/. Kết hợp nguyên lý ngũ hành (kim – mộc – thủy – hỏa – thổ) thành một hình thái kiến trúc độc đáo, nhà bánh ú luôn tồn tại một dòng khí đối lưu theo hàng hiên, xoay vần theo các cột, làm mát cho ngôi nhà và phân tán lực khi có gío mạnh, tránh khỏi tốc mái, bung kèo như các hình thái kiến trúc khác. Điều này biểu thị ông cha chúng ta đã dày công cả nghìn năm nghiên cứu, tôn tạo, hình thành một kiến trúc độc đáo mang bản sắc riêng không lẫn vào đâu được.

5/. Trên mái, hai đầu đòn dông và các vì kèo của nhà bánh ú luôn được kết hợp với việc gắn các con chó bằng sứ màu xanh lam ngọc, tạo một cảm giác thân thiện, ấm cúng, hài hòa.

Chúng tôi viết bài này nhằm giới thiệu với các bạn và thế giới kiến trúc bản sắc Việt Nam mà vì vô tình hay cố ý, người ta muốn ém nhẹm tinh hoa kiến trúc Việt, dám dạy ngay ở các trường ĐH Xây dựng và Kiến Trúc Việt Nam rằng : “không có kiến trúc thuần Việt”. Thiết kế tòa nhà Quốc Hội Kampuchia nhìn vào đã thấy thấm đẫm văn hóa và con người Kampuchia, trong khi thiết kế tòa nhà Quốc Hội Việt Nam không nhìn ra bất cứ một chút Việt Nam nào.
Gần đây hàng loạt đình chùa bị âm thầm sửa chữa, bỏ hết các chi tiết kiến trúc thuần Việt này, đưa mái cong của văn hóa kiến trúc Trung Hoa vào, thậm chí đưa vào đấy các tượng mãnh sư và các thánh thần “bát nháo”, hoàn toàn xa lạ với văn hóa Việt Nam, khiến cho một số bạn bè quốc tế có am hiểu tưởng nhầm rằng Việt nam là một tình của Trung Quốc.

Hãy dựng lại tinh thần Việt Nam ngay từ việc vinh danh kiến trúc thuần Việt.

———————Wambuakim———————-

(1) Thước Lỗ Ban Tàu có 3 loại : 52,2 Cm; 42,9 Cm và loại 38,8 Cm. thước thợ (hay thước mộc, bằng 0,425 mét) và thước đo vải (bằng 0,645 m).

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