Đăng trong bởi Trần Kim

VŨ TRỤ ĐA CHIỀU – KHÔNG THỜI GIAN ĐA CHIỀU

CẤU TRÚC THẬT SỰ CỦA VŨ TRỤ

1/. Vũ trụ giãn nở:

Trong bài trước, chúng ta đã điểm qua một số những quan sát vũ trụ học, cho thấy qui mô kinh khủng của vũ trụ Khả kiến. Nhưng vũ trụ (khả kiến) tồn tại có kích thước tới hạn (giới nội) hay nó không thể có số đo kích thước nào (vô hạn)?

– Từ thời cổ đại, những nhà Triết học (và sau đó là Tôn giáo) cố gắng biểu đạt vũ trụ mà không có (và không thể có) chứng lý nào. Lúc thì cho vũ trụ như một cái lồng câu vài trăm triệu kilomet và trái đất là trung tâm của cái lồng cầu đó. Thế kỷ XVII – XVIII, sự phát triển của kính thiên văn quang học (và thiên văn học) cho phép nhìn xa hơn vào vũ trụ, càng sâu càng xa mà không tìm được bến bờ. Kinh hoàng trước sự rộng lớn của vũ trụ, giới Triết học cận đại dám viết “vũ trụ là vô cùng vô tận” (Karl Marx).

– Năm 1912 Vesto Slipher đo dịch chuyển Doppler của “tinh vân xoắn ốc” (thời đó người ta chưa biết tinh vân xoắn ốc là các thiên hà), và ông sớm phát hiện ra đa số các tinh vân này đang lùi ra xa Trái Đất.

Từ đó nhân loại biết được vũ trụ đang GIÃN NỞ, khác hẳn với nhận định chủ quan là vũ trụ DỪNG (tĩnh tại) mà trong đó các thiên hà là những ốc đảo trơ vơ trong vũ trụ. Fred Hoyle là người đầu tiên sử dụng thuật ngữ Big Bang năm 1949 trên một chương trình radio của BBC. Hoyle là người ủng hộ “Thuyết trạng thái dừng” của vũ trụ, và ông đưa ra thuật ngữ này để ví von khôi hài mô hình lý thuyết của những người khác về vũ trụ giãn nở. Nhưng những thực nghiệm về sau ngày càng chứng minh và củng cố cho hình ảnh một vũ trụ giãn nở.

– Sự phát hiện “bức xạ phông nền vũ trụ” (bức xạ tàn dư sau vụ nổ lớn) và hằng số Planck (hằng số vũ trụ hay hằng số vũ trụ học, là dạng mật độ năng lượng đồng nhất gây ra sự giãn nở gia tốc của vũ trụ) củng cố sự chân xác của Big Bang và mô hình VŨ TRỤ GIÃN NỞ.

Nhưng vũ trụ giãn nở đến đâu ? hay là vũ trụ thật sự vô hạn?

2/. Đo lường vũ trụ:

– Hàn lâm viện Khoa học Hoàng gia Thụy Điển đã trao giải Nobel Vật lý 2011 cho ba nhà khoa học : Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt và Adam G. Riess. Họ đã nghiên cứu thận trọng nhiều siêu tân tinh (supernovae), trong nhũng thiên hà xa xôi và kết luận rằng VŨ TRỤ ĐANG GIÃN NỞ CÓ GIA TỐC.

Nguyên nhân để vũ trụ giãn nở có gia tốc đang được cho là do năng lượng tối và vật chất tối, chiếm tỷ lệ tuyệt đối trong vũ trụ, nhưng nhân loại thì chưa có phương tiện tiếp cận năng lượng (và vật chất) tối này.

– Nghĩa là trong một thời điểm tương lai, các vật thể giãn nở đạt đến tốc độ ánh sáng ở RÌA VŨ TRỤ. Theo công thức

L = [(căn) 1 – {v(bình phương)/c (bình phương)}]/Lo

thì khi v (tốc độ vật thể) tiến tới c (tốc độ ánh sáng), tử số bằng không, do đó L cũng bằng không, mọi thước đo không tồn tại. Đó chính là biên giới của vũ trụ.

– Các quan sát của Planck được công bố năm 2013, đã lập bản đồ chi tiết chưa từng có và tiết lộ rằng tuổi của vũ trụ là 13.82 tỷ năm.

Như vậy, không quá khó để tính toán được bán kính cũa vũ trụ vào khoàng 2200 tỷ năm ánh sáng. Chúng ta kết luận rằng VŨ TRỤ GIỚI NỘI. Nói khác đi, vũ trụ là có giới hạn.

3/. Mô hình không gian đa chiều của vũ trụ :

Tóm lại, chúng ta thấy vũ trụ rất to lớn đến mức ngoài mọi sự tưởng tượng của nhân loại, nhưng cũng có giới hạn. Vậy thì vũ trụ hiện nay chúng ta đang cảm thụ được, nó tạo ra bằng cái gì ?

– Năm 1968, Gabriele Veneziano, một nhà vật lý người Ý, làm việc tại trung tâm hạt nhân châu Âu, CERN, có một phát hiện lạ lùng. Veneziano nhận thấy rằng công thức toán học của Leonard Euler xây dựng trước đó hơn hai trăm năm với tên gọi là Hàm Beta Euler, mô tả được nhiều tính chất của các hạt tham gia trong tương tác mạnh. Phát hiện của Veneziano đã thâu tóm một cách rất hiệu quả bằng toán học nhiều đặc trưng của tương tác mạnh, nhằm sử dụng hàm Beta và các dạng tổng quát hóa của nó để mô tả một chuỗi những dữ liệu thu được từ thực nghiệm. Hàm Beta Euler sau đó được sử dụng rất hiệu quả, nhưng không một ai khi ấy hiểu được tại sao.

– Mãi tới năm 1970, những công trình của Yoichiro Nambu ở Đại học Chicago, Holger Nielsen thuộc Viện Niels Bohr và Leonard Susskin ở Đại học Stanford mới chỉ ra được ý nghĩa vật lý ẩn sau công thức Euler. Họ đã chứng minh được rằng, nếu một hạt sơ cấp được mô hình hóa như các dây nhỏ bé một chiều dao động, thì tương tác mạnh của chúng có thể được mô tả chính xác bởi hàm Beta Euler. Theo lập luận của họ, nếu các dây này đủ nhỏ thì chúng vẫn được xem là các hạt điểm và do vậy phù hợp với những quan sát thực nghiệm.

– Năm 1974, Schwarz và Joel Scherk ở trường Cao đẳng sư phạm Paris đã nghiên cứu đặc điểm của những mốt dao động và nhận thấy rằng những tính chất này phù hợp tuyệt đối với hạt truyền tương tác giả định của trường hấp dẫn, có tên là graviton. Lý thuyết dây không chỉ dừng lại như là một thuyết của tương tác mạnh, mà nó còn là một thuyết hấp dẫn lượng tử, thống nhất thuyết tương đối rộng của Einstein và cơ học lượng tử vào làm một.

– Trên cơ sở đó, lý thuyết dây vạch ra rằng CHÂN VŨ TRỤ có 11 chiều không gian cơ sở. Một vũ trụ được ghép bằng tổ hợp một số chiều không gian (số chiều không gian > 1). Vũ trụ khả kiến của chúng ta chỉ là một Không – thời gian 4 chiều trong cái CHÂN VŨ TRỤ mà thôi.

Wowww, như vậy thì trong cái không gian vũ trụ “nhỏ bé” đường kính 2200 tỷ năm ánh sáng này chứa được rất nhiều vũ trụ song song nhưng chúng ta đang chỉ tạm thời thấy có một vũ trụ mà thôi.

Wambuakim (Còn nữa)

2.794 Trả lời “VŨ TRỤ ĐA CHIỀU – KHÔNG THỜI GIAN ĐA CHIỀU”

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