LƯỢNG TỬ HỌC – Phần II : CƠ HỌC LƯỢNG TỬ

Bốn phát triển quan trọng của Cơ Học Lượng Tử, gồm (1) lượng tử hóa (rời rạc hóa) một số đại lượng vật lý, (2) lưỡng tính sóng hạt, (3) vướng lượng tử và (4) nguyên lý bất định. Trong đó Vướng Víu Lượng Tử là thứ thoát ly và phủ định trực giác của chúng ta về sự vận hành của thế giới, gây sửng sốt, bối rối đối với kỹ thuật học, Vật lý lý thuyết, ngay cả tôn giáo và triết học. Tuy nhiên những công trình KH gần đây cho biết Vướng Víu Lượng Tử có thật, là khả kiến, đo lường, quan trắc và thực hiện được, không chỉ trong khuôn khổ phòng thí nghiệm. Vướng Víu Lượng Tử còn diễn ra ở cấp vi mô lẫn vĩ mô.

CƠ HỌC LƯỢNG TỬ LÀ GÌ
Cơ Học Lượng Tử là cái gì mà nghiên cứu, phát biểu, thậm chí thực nghiệm những thứ “lạ đời” như vậy ?
Cơ học lượng tử (Quantum Mechanic), cùng với những mở rộng của nó thành điện động lực học lượng tử và lí thuyết trường lượng tử, là lí thuyết khoa học thành công nhất trong mọi thời đai, với nhiều kết quả thực nghiệm sai số chưa tới một phần tỉ. Tuy nhiên, quan sát đến bản thể của nó thì Cơ học lượng tử bí ẩn hơn ma quỉ vậy – càng gắng tìm hiểu ý nghĩa của nó, nó càng có xu hướng vuột khỏi tầm tay. Cơ học lượng tử có đầy những nghịch lí, những đa thể khó dung hợp, và những “tác dụng ma quỷ”.

1., Vật lý cổ điển Newton
Vật lý cổ điển xem không gian là thể bất biến. Theo đó các biến động của các vật thể có năng lượng trong không gian lệ thuộc hoàn toàn vào chính cái không gian mà nó hiện hữu. Do đó mà Vật lý cổ điển bế tắc trong việc giải thích những biến đổi và vận động trong thế giới vi mô, nơi mà các vận động đó trở nên hỗn loạn, vượt ngoài các dự đoán, cơ học Newton không thể lý giải tại sao các nguyên tử lại có thể bền vững đến thế, cũng không thể giải thích được một số hiện tượng vĩ mô như siêu dẫn, siêu chảy. Không thể xác định vị trí (và xug lượng / động lượng) của một electron vì nó có thể ở bất cứ vị trí nào, hoặc … không ở đâu hết nếu sử dụng cơ học Newton, vì nó không hề có vị trí xác định. Vân đạo điện tử (đám mây điện tử) là khái niệm ra đời để mô tả sự vận động dị kỳ của electron, trong đó electron chuyển động trong một phạm vi, tạo thành một đám mây vật chất, và xác suất gặp nó chính là khái niệm khả kiến về vị trí của electron.
Với photon, một thực nghiệm với 2 khe sáng đưa vật lý cổ điển đến một bế tắc khác. Thực nghiệm vật lí cổ điển ẩn chứa nhiều điều hơn những gì chúng ta có thể nhận ra về bản chất của thực tại. Thí nghiệm hai khe cổ điển làm sáng tỏ sự lưỡng tính kì lạ của thế giới lượng tử, nhưng nó có thể hành xử lạ hơn chúng ta nghĩ – và có thể thách thức một trong những giả thuyết được tuân thủ chặt chẽ nhất của cơ học lượng tử. Trong thí nghiệm hai khe, người ta chiếu ánh sáng vào hai khe sát nhau đặt trước một màn hứng. Thế giới quan cổ điển có cảm nhận trực quan rằng ánh sáng phải đi qua khe này và (hoặc) khe kia, do đó tạo ra hai vệt sáng song song trên màn phía sau. Nhưng thay vì vậy, ánh sáng lại phân bố thành dải các vệt sáng tối xen kẽ và được Vật lý cổ điển chấp nhận là hiện tượng giao thoa nhưng không lý giải được bản chất của nó. Để tính xác suất một photon đi tới một vị trí nào đó trên màn hứng, các nhà vật lí sử dụng một nguyên lí gọi là quy tắc Born.Tuy nhiên, chẳng có lí do cơ bản nào tại sao quy tắc Born phải đúng.Nó có vẻ hoạt động trong mọi tình huống mà chúng ta đã kiểm tra, nhưng chẳng ai biết tại sao. Một số người đã cố gắng suy luận ra nó từ cách hiểu “đa thế giới” của cơ học lượng tử, theo đó thì mọi trạng thái khả dĩ của một hệ lượng tử có thể tồn tại trong những vũ trụ khác nhau, song song nhau – nhưng những nỗ lực như thế không có tính thuyết phục.
Hình ảnh giao thoa này vẫn xuất hiện cho dù bạn lần lượt chiếu từng photon một, cho thấy thay vì truyền theo đường thẳng, ánh sáng hành xử LƯỠNG DUNG SÓNG – HẠT đồng thời. Theo Broglie thì đối với các hạt vi mô ngoài tính hạt còn có tính sóng, và đã thành công với việc mô tả hạt vi mô như là một sóng (tính thống kê của hàm sóng Broglie). Nhà vật lí người Mĩ Richard Feynman phát biểu rằng tính lưỡng dung SÓNG VÀ HẠT này tiêu biểu cho “bí ẩn trung tâm” của thế giới lượng tử, và trở thành 1 trong 4 phát triển cốt lõi của cơ học lượng tử. Việc giải thích thí nghiệm hai khe bằng khái niệm “sóng và hạt” thống nhất cơ học lượng tử với một trụ cột khác của vật lí lí thuyết – thuyết tương đối tổng quát của Einstein. Quach đề xuất một cách mới kiểm tra quy tắc Born trong thực nghiệm “hai khe”, xuất phát từ một quan điểm khác của phương pháp Feynman : để tính xác suất của một hạt đi tới một điểm nhất định trên màn, phải xét mọi đường đi có thể có của nó từ nguồn đến màn, kể cả những đường đi có vẻ lố bịch. “Trong số này bao gồm cả những đường đi từ đây lên mặt trăng rồi quay về”.Quach phát biểu. (arxiv.org/abs/1610.06401v1, theo Anil Ananthaswamy – New Scientist, ngày 5/11/2016).

2/. Cơ Học Lượng Tử :
Trong khi nhiều nhà vật lí, khoa học – công nghệ, thậm chí tôn giáo và triết học mất ăn mất ngủ tìm hiểu ý nghĩa của cơ học lượng tử, thì sự ra đời của vật lí học thông tin lượng tử (mật mã học lượng tử, điện toán lượng tử, vân vân…), Hóa học lượng tử, Động học lượng tử thậm chí Y học và Sinh học lượng tử lại mang đến cho họ nhiều đáp án căn bản về cơ học lượng tử. Cơ học lượng tử hoạt động bất chấp người ta có hiểu nó hay không, nhưng trực giác của chúng ta dường như rất yếu ớt khi quán sát những tình huống mang đến những phán đoán ngày càng lạ lùng của cơ học lượng tử dù nó có cơ sở toàn học , kỹ thuật học đầy đủ nhất mọi thời đại. Vì thế, các nỗ lực muốn làm sáng tỏ những nền tảng của cơ học lượng tử đã tăng lên đáng kể trong ba thập niên gần đây.
Vậy thì kết quả khảo sát nói trên cho chúng ta nhận thức nào về hiểu biết hiện nay của nhân loại về cơ học lượng tử? Chúng ta không có thời gian phân tích từng ngóc ngách của khảo sát trên, nhưng câu trả lời cho một vài câu hỏi trong số đó đáng để chúng ta lưu tâm. (Lưu ý rằng người ta được phép đưa ra nhiều hơn một câu trả lời, nên tỉ lệ phần trăm trong kết quả đó thỉnh thoảng không cộng lại bằng 100%. Để dễ hiểu, cần chuẩn hóa lại các kết quả để chúng bằng 100%, và trong một số trường hợp đã đơn giản hóa vấn đề để đỡ rối trí hơn trong tình trạng đa lựa chọn).


Trong cơ học lượng tử, hàm sóng của một đối tượng mô tả mọi tính chất có thể đo được của đối tượng đó (khả lượng). Nó là một mô tả hoàn chỉnh của cái gọi là trạng thái lượng tử của đối tượng đó. Hàm sóng bị chi phối bởi phương trình Schrödinger, phương trình cho biết hàm sóng thay đổi như thế nào theo các điều kiện bên ngoài. Tính đa nghiệm của phương trình Schrödinger đưa đến phát biểu nguyên lí chồng chất, nó không phải là một kết quả vật chất, mà là một tính chất của cấu trúc toán học cơ bản của cơ học lượng tử. Nghĩa là có tồn tại một họ hàm sóng, gọi là các CHỒNG CHẤT LƯỢNG TỬ, chúng đồng thời mô tả rất nhiều trạng thái lượng tử bội của một đối tượng cùng (tồn tại) với chính nó.

Tóm lại Cơ Học Lượng Tử xem một hạt là một vùng năng lượng tập trung biểu hiện thành vật chất khả kiến là một hạt (do đó là cả thế giới vật chất) tồn tại rời rạc với những vận động hoàn toàn có tính năng lượng (khối lượng, động lượng, cơ năng, tần số sóng v.v… với cấu trúc và tương tác cụ thể). Xét cho cùng, cơ học lượng tử là ngành Khoa học mô tả mọi hiện tượng có thể đo được và do đó nó có khả năng lượng hóa mọi tồn tại, dù cho nó là vật chất, vật chất đen (vật chất tối), hố “ma”, hố đen, ma quỉ, thượng đế hay linh hồn (nếu thật sự tồn tại), ở một hay nhiều tầng vũ trụ trong mối tương quan giữa các dây vũ trụ.
Có nhiều phương pháp toán học mô tả cơ học lượng tử tương đương với nhau.Một trong những phương pháp được dùng nhiều nhất đó là lý thuyết biến đổi, do Paul Dirac phát minh ra nhằm thống nhất và khái quát hóa hai phương pháp toán học trước đó là cơ học ma trận (của Werner Heisenberg) và cơ học sóng (của Erwin Schrödinger).
Theo các phương pháp toán học mô tả cơ học lượng tử này thì trạng thái lượng tử của một hệ lượng tử sẽ cho thông tin về xác suất của các tính chất, hay còn gọi là các đại lượng quan sát (đôi khi gọi tắt là quan sát), có thể đo được. Các quan sát có thể là năng lượng, vị trí, động lượng (xung lượng), và mô men động lượng..


Cơ học Lượng Tử (mà cơ sở lý luận của nó là Lượng Tử học), có thể nói, là công cụ Khoa học mạnh nhất, cơ bản và trực quan nhất kể từ khi có nhân loại, để quan chiêm, nắm bắt và chiếm lĩnh thế giới.

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3.014 Trả lời “LƯỢNG TỬ HỌC – Phần II : CƠ HỌC LƯỢNG TỬ”

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    1. A compound of formula 2a wherein R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, S O m R 4, SO 2 NR 4 R 5, S O 2 OR 4, NO 2, NR 4 R 5, CR 6 R 7 n OR 4, CN, C O R 4, OC O R 4, O CR 6 R 7 n R 4, NR 4 C O R 5, CR 6 R 7 n C O OR 4, CR 6 R 7 n NCR 4 R 5, C NR 6 NR 4 R 5, NR 4 C O NR 5 R 6, NR 4 S O p R 5 or C O NR 4 R 5, and each hydrogen in R 2 is optionally substituted by R 8; each R 3 is independently halogen, C 1 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, S O m R 4, SO 2 NR 4 R 5, S O 2 OR 4, NO 2, NR 4 R 5, CR 6 R 7 n OR 4, CN, C O R 4, OC O R 4, O CR 6 R 7 R 4, O CR 6 R 7 CR 6 R 7 n NR 4 R 5, O CR 6 R 7 CR 6 R 7 n OR 4, NR 4 C O R 5, CR 6 R 7 n C O OR 4, CR 6 R 7 n OR 4, CR 6 R 7 n C O NR 4 R 5, CR 6 R 7 n NCR 4 R 5, C NR 6 NR 4 R 5, NR 4 C O NR 5 R 6, NR 4 S O p R 5 or C O NR 4 R 5, each hydrogen in R 3 is optionally substituted by R 8, and R 3 groups on adjacent atoms may combine to form a C 6 12 aryl, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl or 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic group; each R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 is independently hydrogen, halogen, C 1 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, 5 12 membered heteroaryl; or any two of R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 bound to the same nitrogen atom may, together with the nitrogen to which they are bound, be combined to form a 3 to 12 membered heteroalicyclic or 5 12 membered heteroaryl group optionally containing 1 to 3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; or any two of R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 bound to the same carbon atom may be combined to form a C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic or 5 12 membered heteroaryl group; and each hydrogen in R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 is optionally substituted by R 8, or two hydrogen atoms on the same carbon atom in R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 is optionally an oxo substituent; each R 8 is independently halogen, C 1 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, NH 2, CN, OH, O C 1 12 alkyl, O CH 2 n C 3 12 cycloalkyl, O CH 2 n C 3 12 aryl, O CH 2 n 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic or O CH 2 n 5 12 membered heteroaryl; and each hydrogen in R 8 is optionally substituted by R 11; each R 11 is independently halogen, C 1 12 alkyl, C 1 12 alkoxy, C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, O C 1 12 alkyl, O CH 2 n C 3 12 cycloalkyl, O CH 2 n C 6 12 aryl, O CH 2 n 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, O CH 2 n 5 12 membered heteroaryl or CN, and each hydrogen in R 11 is optionally substituted by halogen, OH, CN, C 1 12 alkyl which may be partially or fully halogenated, O C 1 12 alkyl which may be partially or fully halogenated, CO, SO or SO 2; each R 13 is independently halogen, C 1 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl, C 6 12 aryl, 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, S O m R 4, SO 2 NR 4 R 5, S O 2 OR 4, NO 2, NR 4 R 5, CR 6 R 7 n OR 4, CN, C O R 4, OC O R 4, O CR 6 R 7 n R 4, NR 4 C O R 5, CR 6 R 7 n C O OR 4, CR 6 R 7 n OR 4, CR 6 R 7 n C O NR 4 R 5, CR 6 R 7 n NCR 4 R 5, C NR 6 NR 4 R 5, NR 4 C O NR 5 R 6, NR 4 S O p R 5, C O NR 4 R 5, CR 6 R 7 n 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic, CR 6 R 7 n C 3 12 cycloalkyl, CR 6 R 7 n C 6 12 aryl, CR 6 R 7 n 5 12 membered heteroaryl, CR 6 R 7 n C O NR 4 R 5, or CR 6 R 7 n C O R 4, R 13 groups on adjacent atoms may combine to form a C 6 12 aryl, 5 12 membered heteroaryl, C 3 12 cycloalkyl or 3 12 membered heteroalicyclic group, and each hydrogen in R 13 is optionally substituted by R 3; each m is independently 0, 1 or 2; each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; each p is independently 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof chewable viagra

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